Isishwankathelo esiBanzi seMonocrystalline Silicon yeendlela zokuKhula

Isishwankathelo esiBanzi seMonocrystalline Silicon yeendlela zokuKhula

1. Imvelaphi yeMonocrystalline Silicon Development

Ukuqhubela phambili kwetekhnoloji kunye nemfuno ekhulayo yeemveliso zobuchule obuphezulu ziye zaqina ngakumbi indawo ephambili yoshishino lwesekethe edibeneyo (IC) kuphuhliso lwesizwe. Njengelitye lembombo kumzi mveliso we-IC, i-silicon ye-semiconductor monocrystalline idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqhubeni izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe kunye nokukhula koqoqosho.

Ngokwedatha evela kwi-International Semiconductor Industry Association, imarike ye-semiconductor ye-wafer yehlabathi ifikelele kwixabiso lentengiso ye-12.6 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, kunye nokuthunyelwa ngokukhula ukuya kwi-14.2 yeebhiliyoni zee-intshi zesikwere. Ngapha koko, imfuno yeewafers zesilicon iyaqhubeka nokunyuka ngokuthe ngcembe.

Nangona kunjalo, ishishini lehlabathi le-silicon wafer ligxile kakhulu, kunye nababoneleli abahlanu abaphezulu abalawula ngaphezulu kwe-85% yesabelo semarike, njengoko kubonisiwe ngezantsi:

• I-Shin-Etsu Chemical (eJapan)

• I-SUMCO (eJapan)

• IiWafers zehlabathi

• ISiltronic (eJamani)

• SK Siltron (eMzantsi Korea)

Le oligopoly iphumela ekubeni iTshayina ixhomekeke kakhulu kwii-wafers ze-silicon ezingeniswa kumazwe angaphandle, eziye zaba ngomnye wemiqobo ethintela uphuhliso lweshishini lelizwe elidityanisiweyo lesekethe.

Ukoyisa imingeni ekhoyo ngoku kwicandelo lokuvelisa i-silicon monocrystal ye-semiconductor, ukutyala imali kuphando kunye nophuhliso kunye nokomeleza amandla emveliso yasekhaya lukhetho olungenakuphepheka.

2. Isishwankathelo seMonocrystalline Silicon Material

I-silicon ye-Monocrystalline sisiseko soshishino lwesekethe oludibeneyo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ngaphezulu kwe-90% yeetshiphusi ze-IC kunye nezixhobo zombane zenziwe kusetyenziswa isilicon ye-monocrystalline njengeyona nto iphambili. Imfuno ebanzi ye-silicon ye-monocrystalline kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kwemizi-mveliso eyahlukeneyo kunokubalelwa kwizinto ezininzi:

1. Ukhuseleko kunye nokuLungelana nokuSingqongileyo: I-silicon ixhaphakile kuqweqwe loMhlaba, ayinayo ityhefu, kwaye ihambelana nokusingqongileyo.

2. Ukugqunywa koMbane: I-silicon ngokwemvelo ibonisa iipropati zokugquma umbane, kwaye phezu kwonyango lokushisa, yenza umaleko okhuselayo we-silicon dioxide, okhusela ngokufanelekileyo ukulahlekelwa kwentlawulo yombane.

3. ITekhnoloji yokuKhula ngokuQilileyo: Imbali ende yophuhliso lwetekhnoloji kwiinkqubo zokukhula kwe-silicon yenze ukuba ibe yinkimbinkimbi ngakumbi kunezinye izinto ze-semiconductor.

Ezi zinto zidibene zigcina i-silicon ye-monocrystalline iphambili kwishishini, iyenza ingenakuthathelwa indawo zezinye izinto.

Ngokubhekiselele kwi-crystal structure, i-silicon ye-monocrystalline yinto eyenziwa kwi-athomu ye-silicon ehlelwe kwi-lattice periodic, eyenza isakhiwo esiqhubekayo. Yisiseko soshishino lokwenziwa kweetshiphu.

Lo mzobo ulandelayo ubonisa inkqubo epheleleyo yokulungiselela i-silicon ye-monocrystalline:

Inkqubo Overview:
I-silicon ye-Monocrystalline ivela kwi-silicon ore ngoluhlu lwamanyathelo okucoca. Okokuqala, i-silicon ye-polycrystalline ifunyenwe, ethi ke ikhule ibe yi-monocrystalline silicon ingot kwisithando somlilo se-crystal. Emva koko, iyasikwa, igudiswe, kwaye isetyenziswe kwii-silicone wafers ezifanelekileyo ukwenza i-chip.

Iziqwenga ze-silicon zidla ngokwahlulwa zibe ngamacandelo amabini:i-photovoltaic-gradekwayei-semiconductor-ibakala. Ezi ndidi zimbini zohluka ikakhulu kulwakhiwo lwazo, ubunyulu, kunye nomgangatho womphezulu.

• Ii-wafers ze-semiconductor-gradebabe nobunyulu obuphezulu obuphezulu ukuya kuthi ga kwi-99.999999999%, kwaye kufuneka ngokungqongqo ukuba ibe yi-monocrystalline.

• Iifestile ze-Photovoltaic-gradeazihlambulukanga kangako, ezinamaqondo okucoceka ukusuka kwi-99.99% ukuya kwi-99.9999%, kwaye azinayo imfuneko engqongqo yomgangatho wekristale.

Ukongeza, ii-wafers ze-semiconductor-grade zifuna ukuguda okuphezulu komphezulu kunye nokucoceka kune-photovoltaic-grade wafers. Imigangatho ephezulu yee-wafers ze-semiconductor yonyusa kokubili ubunzima bokulungiselela kwabo kunye nexabiso labo elilandelayo kwizicelo.

Le tshati ilandelayo ichaza inguquko yenkcazelo ye-wafer ye-semiconductor, eye yanda ukusuka ekuqaleni kwee-intshi ezi-4 (100mm) kunye ne-6-intshi (150mm) ii-wafers zangoku ezi-8-intshi (200mm) kunye ne-12-intshi (300mm) zamawafa.

Kumalungiselelo okwenene e-silicon monocrystal, ubungakanani be-wafer buhluka ngokusekwe kuhlobo lwesicelo kunye neendleko. Umzekelo, iitshiphusi zememori zihlala zisebenzisa ii-wafers ze-intshi ezili-12, ngelixa izixhobo zombane zihlala zisebenzisa ii-intshi ezisi-8.

Isishwankathelo, ukuvela kobungakanani be-wafer sisiphumo soMthetho kaMoore kunye nezinto zoqoqosho. Isayizi enkulu ye-wafer ivumela ukukhula kwendawo yesilicon esebenzisekayo ngakumbi phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo zokusetyenzwa, ukunciphisa iindleko zemveliso ngelixa kuncitshiswa inkunkuma evela kwimiphetho ye-wafer.

Njengomathiriyeli obalulekileyo kuphuhliso lwetekhnoloji yanamhlanje, ii-semiconductor silicon wafers, ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo ezichanekileyo ezinje ngefotografi kunye nokufakelwa kwe-ion, zenza kube lula ukuveliswa kwezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zombane, kubandakanya izixhobo zokulungisa amandla aphezulu, iitransistors, i-bipolar junction transistors, kunye nezixhobo zokutshintsha. Ezi zixhobo zidlala indima ephambili kwiinkalo ezifana nobukrelekrele bokwenziwa, unxibelelwano lwe-5G, i-elektroniki yeemoto, i-Intanethi yeZinto, kunye ne-aerospace, eyenza ilitye lembombo lophuhliso lwezoqoqosho lwelizwe kunye nokuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe.

3. ITekhnoloji yokuKhula kweSilicon yeMonocrystalline

ICzochralski (CZ) Indlelayinkqubo esebenzayo yokutsala izinto eziphezulu ze-monocrystalline kwi-melt. Icetywe nguJan Czochralski ngo-1917, le ndlela ikwabizwa ngokuba yiUkutsalwa kweCrystalindlela.

Okwangoku, indlela ye-CZ isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekulungiseleleni izinto ezahlukeneyo ze-semiconductor. Ngokwezibalo ezingaphelelanga, malunga ne-98% yamacandelo e-elektroniki ayenziwe kwi-silicon ye-monocrystalline, kunye ne-85% yala macandelo avelisiweyo ngokusebenzisa indlela ye-CZ.

Indlela yeCZ iyathandwa ngenxa yomgangatho wayo obalaseleyo wekristale, ubungakanani obulawulekayo, isantya sokukhula ngokukhawuleza, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso. Ezi mpawu zenza isilicon ye-CZ monocrystalline ibe yinto ekhethwayo yokuhlangabezana nomgangatho ophezulu, imfuno enkulu kushishino lwe-elektroniki.

Umgaqo wokukhula we-CZ monocrystalline silicon umi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

Inkqubo yeCZ ifuna amaqondo obushushu aphezulu, ivacuum, kunye nendawo evaliweyo. Isixhobo esiphambili kule nkqubo siicrystal ukukhula eziko, eyenza lula ezi meko.

Lo mzobo ulandelayo ubonisa ubume beziko lokukhula kwekristale.

Kwinkqubo ye-CZ, i-silicon ecocekileyo ifakwe kwi-crucible, inyibilike, kwaye i-crystal yembewu ifakwe kwi-silicon etyhidiweyo. Ngokulawula ngokuchanekileyo iiparamitha ezinje ngeqondo lobushushu, isantya sokutsala, kunye nesantya sokujikeleza esikhenkcezayo, iiathomu okanye iimolekyuli kujongano lwekristale yembewu kunye nesilicon etyhidiweyo iqhubeka ihlengahlengisa, iqinisa njengoko inkqubo iphola kwaye ekugqibeleni yenze ikristale enye.

Le ndlela yokukhula kwekristale ivelisa umgangatho ophezulu, i-silicon ye-monocrystalline enkulu enobubanzi obunezikhokelo ezithile zekristale.

Inkqubo yokukhula ibandakanya amanyathelo angundoqo aliqela, kuquka:

1. Ukuqhaqha kunye nokuLayisha: Ukususa i-crystal kunye nokucoca ngokucokisekileyo isithando somlilo kunye namacandelo kwizinto ezingcolileyo ezifana ne-quartz, i-graphite, okanye ezinye izinto ezingcolileyo.

2. Vacuum kunye nokunyibilika: Inkqubo ikhutshwe kwi-vacuum, ilandelwa kukuqaliswa kwegesi ye-argon kunye nokufudumeza kwentlawulo ye-silicon.

3. Ukutsalwa kweCrystal: I-crystal yembewu ithotywa kwi-silicon etyhidiweyo, kwaye iqondo lokushisa elibonakalayo lilawulwa ngokucophelela ukuze kuqinisekiswe i-crystallization efanelekileyo.

4. Ulawulo lwamagxa kunye noLawulo lweDatamitha: Njengoko i-crystal ikhula, ububanzi bayo bujongwa ngokucophelela kwaye bulungiswe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhula okufanayo.

5. Ukuphela kokuKhula kunye nokuValwa kweziko: Emva kokuba ubungakanani obufunwayo be-crystal bufezekisiwe, isithando somlilo sivaliwe, kwaye i-crystal isusiwe.

Amanyathelo acacisiweyo kule nkqubo aqinisekisa ukudalwa komgangatho ophezulu, i-monocrystals engenaziphene ezifanelekileyo kwimveliso ye-semiconductor.

4. Imingeni kwiMveliso yeSilicon yeMonocrystalline

Omnye wemiceli mngeni ephambili ekuveliseni i-monocrystals ye-semiconductor enobubanzi obukhulu ilele ekoyiseni imiqobo yobuchwephesha ngexesha lenkqubo yokukhula, ngakumbi ekuqikeleleni nasekulawuleni iziphene zekristale:

1. Umgangatho weMonocrystal ongahambelaniyo kunye neSivuno esiphantsi: Njengoko ubungakanani be-silicon monocrystals busanda, ubunzima bemeko yokukhula buyanda, okwenza kube nzima ukulawula izinto ezifana ne-thermal, flow, kunye nemagnethi. Oku kuwenza nzima umsebenzi wokufumana umgangatho ongaguqukiyo kunye nezivuno eziphezulu.

2. Inkqubo yoLawulo olungazinzanga: Inkqubo yokukhula ye-semiconductor silicon monocrystals inzima kakhulu, kunye neendawo ezininzi zomzimba ezisebenzisanayo, okwenza ulawulo oluchanekileyo lungazinzi kwaye lukhokelela kwimveliso ephantsi yemveliso. Izicwangciso zokulawula zangoku zijolise ikakhulu kwimilinganiselo ye-macroscopic ye-crystal, ngelixa umgangatho usalungiswa ngokusekelwe kumava okwenziwa ngesandla, okwenza kube nzima ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ze-micro kunye ne-nano fabrication kwi-IC chips.

Ukujongana nale mingeni, ukuphuhliswa kwexesha langempela, ukujongwa kwe-intanethi kunye neendlela zokuqikelela umgangatho we-crystal kufuneka ngokukhawuleza, kunye nokuphuculwa kweenkqubo zokulawula ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza, ukuveliswa komgangatho ophezulu we-monocrystals enkulu yokusetyenziswa kwiisekethe ezidibeneyo.