NgoLwesithathu, uMongameli uBiden ubhengeze isivumelwano sokubonelela i-Intel nge-$8.5 yeebhiliyoni zemali-mboleko ngqo kunye ne-$11 yeebhiliyoni zemali-mboleko phantsi koMthetho we-CHIPS and Science. I-Intel iza kusebenzisa olu xhaso kwiinkampani zayo ezithengisa izinto ezishushu eArizona, eOhio, eNew Mexico, naseOregon. Njengoko kubikwe kwiphephandaba lethu likaDisemba 2023, uMthetho we-CHIPS ubonelela nge-$52.7 yeebhiliyoni zemali kwishishini le-semiconductor laseMelika, kuquka ne-$39 yeebhiliyoni kwizikhuthazo zokwenza. Ngaphambi kokwabiwa kwe-Intel, uMthetho we-CHIPS wawusele wabele i-$1.7 yeebhiliyoni kwi-GlobalFoundries, iMicrochip Technology, kunye ne-BAE Systems, ngokutsho kwe-Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA).
Inkqubela phambili kwinkxaso-mali phantsi koMthetho we-CHIPS iye yacotha, kwaye isabelo sokuqala sabhengezwa emva konyaka emva kokuba sipasisiwe. Ngenxa yokuhanjiswa kancinci, ezinye iiprojekthi ezinkulu ze-semiconductor eMelika ziye zalibaziseka. I-TSMC ikwaphawule ubunzima ekufumaneni abasebenzi bokwakha abafanelekileyo. I-Intel ithi ukulibaziseka ngokuyinxenye kubangelwa kukunciphisa intengiso.
Amanye amazwe nawo abekele imali yokukhuthaza imveliso yee-semiconductor. NgoSeptemba 2023, i-European Union yapasisa uMthetho weeChips zaseYurophu, ochaza i-€430 yeebhiliyoni (malunga ne-$470 yeebhiliyoni) kutyalo-mali lukarhulumente nolwabucala kwishishini le-semiconductor. NgoNovemba 2023, iJapan yabela i-¥2 trillion (malunga ne-$13 yeebhiliyoni) kwimveliso yee-semiconductor. ITaiwan yamisela umthetho ngoJanuwari 2024 wokubonelela ngezibonelelo zerhafu kwiinkampani ze-semiconductor. NgoMatshi 2023, uMzantsi Korea wapasisa umthetho wokubonelela ngezibonelelo zerhafu kwitekhnoloji yeqhinga, kuquka nee-semiconductor. I-China kulindeleke ukuba iseke isikhwama semali esixhaswa ngurhulumente se-$40 yeebhiliyoni ukuxhasa ishishini layo le-semiconductor.
Zithini iingenelo zenkcitho yemali yeshishini le-semiconductor (i-CapEx) kulo nyaka? UMthetho we-CHIPS ujonge ukukhuthaza inkcitho yemali, kodwa uninzi lwempembelelo aluyi kubonakala de kube semva kowama-2024. Kunyaka ophelileyo, imakethi ye-semiconductor yehle nge-8.2% ngendlela edanisayo, nto leyo ekhokelele iinkampani ezininzi ukuba zisebenzise indlela yobulumko kwinkcitho yemali ngo-2024. Siqikelela ukuba i-CapEx iyonke ye-semiconductor ngo-2023 yayiyi-$169 yeebhiliyoni, ukwehla nge-7% ukusuka ku-2022. Siqikelela ukwehla kwe-CapEx nge-2% ngo-2024.
Ngokubuyela kwimeko yesiqhelo kwemarike yeememori kunye nokwanda okulindelekileyo kwemfuno evela kwizicelo ezintsha ezifana nobukrelekrele bokwenziwa, iinkampani ezinkulu zeememori kulindeleke ukuba zonyuse inkcitho yemali ngo-2024. I-Samsung iceba ukugcina inkcitho engaguqukiyo ngo-2024 kwi-$37 yeebhiliyoni kodwa ayizange iyinciphise inkcitho yemali ngo-2023. I-Micron Technology kunye ne-SK Hynix zinciphise kakhulu inkcitho yemali ngo-2023 kwaye ziceba ukukhula ngamanani amabini ngo-2024.
Eyona nkampani inkulu yokwakha izinto, iTSMC, iceba ukuchitha malunga ne-$28 yeebhiliyoni ukuya kwi-$32 yeebhiliyoni ngo-2024, kunye nomyinge we-$30 yeebhiliyoni, ukwehla nge-6% ukusuka ngo-2023. I-SMIC iceba ukugcina iindleko zemali zingaguquguquki, ngelixa i-UMC iceba ukunyuka nge-10%. I-GlobalFoundries ilindele ukuncitshiswa kwe-61% kwinkcitho yemali ngo-2024 kodwa iya kwandisa inkcitho kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo ngokwakhiwa kwento entsha eMalta, eNew York.
Phakathi kwabavelisi bezixhobo ezidityanisiweyo (ii-IDM), i-Intel iceba ukwandisa inkcitho yemali nge-2% ngo-2024 ukuya kwi-$26.2 yeebhiliyoni. I-Intel iya kwandisa umthamo wabathengi bezixhobo zokuthunga kunye neemveliso zangaphakathi. Inkcitho yemali yeTexas Instruments isahleli ifana. I-TI iceba ukuchitha malunga ne-$5 yeebhiliyoni ngonyaka ukuya kuthi ga ngo-2026, ikakhulu kwimveliso yayo entsha eSherman, eTexas. I-STMicroelectronics iya kunciphisa inkcitho yemali nge-39%, ngelixa i-Infineon Technologies iya kuncipha nge-3%.
I-Samsung, i-TSMC, kunye ne-Intel, ezona nkampani zichitha imali eninzi, kulindeleke ukuba zifake i-57% yenkcitho-mali yeshishini le-semiconductor ngo-2024.
Lithini inqanaba elifanelekileyo lenkcitho yemali xa kuthelekiswa nemarike ye-semiconductor? Ukuguquguquka kwemarike ye-semiconductor kuyaziwa. Kwiminyaka engama-40 edlulileyo, izinga lokukhula lonyaka liye lehla ukusuka kwi-46% ngo-1984 ukuya kwi-32% ngo-2001. Ngelixa ukuguquguquka kweshishini kuye kwehla ngokukhula, izinga lokukhula kwalo lifikelele kwi-26% kwiminyaka emihlanu edlulileyo. Lehle nge-12% ngo-2021 kunye ne-12% ngo-2019. Iinkampani ze-semiconductor kufuneka zicwangcise amandla azo kwiminyaka ezayo. Ukwakha i-fab entsha kudla ngokuthatha malunga neminyaka emibini, kunye nexesha elongezelelweyo elifunekayo lokucwangcisa kunye nokuxhasa ngemali. Ngenxa yoko, umlinganiselo wenkcitho yemali ye-semiconductor kwimarike ye-semiconductor uyahluka kakhulu, njengoko kubonisiwe ngezantsi.
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Umlinganiselo wenkcitho yemali ye-semiconductor ukuya kubungakanani bemarike ususela kwi-34% ukuya kwi-12%. Umlinganiselo ophakathi weminyaka emihlanu uphakathi kwe-28% kunye ne-18%. Kulo lonke ixesha ukususela ngo-1980 ukuya ku-2023, inkcitho yemali ye-capital ibangele i-23% yemarike ye-semiconductor. Nangona kukho ukuguquguquka, indlela ende yale ratio ihlala ifana. Ngokusekelwe ekukhuleni okuqikelelweyo kwemarike kunye nokwehla kwenkcitho yemali ye-capital, silindele ukuba lo mlinganiselo wehle ukusuka kwi-32% ngo-2023 ukuya kwi-27% ngo-2024.
Uninzi lwezibikezelo luqikelela ukukhula kwemarike ye-semiconductor kuluhlu lwe-13% ukuya kwi-20% ngo-2024. Ubukrelekrele bethu be-semiconductor buqikelela ukukhula kwe-18%. Ukuba u-2024 usebenza ngamandla njengoko bekulindelwe, iinkampani zinokwandisa izicwangciso zazo zenkcitho yemali ngokuhamba kwexesha. Singalindela ukubona utshintsho oluhle kwinkcitho yemali ye-semiconductor ngo-2024.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Epreli-08-2024