Inkcazelo epheleleyo yeendlela zokukhula kwe-Monocrystalline Silicon

Inkcazelo epheleleyo yeendlela zokukhula kwe-Monocrystalline Silicon

1. Imvelaphi yoPhuhliso lweSilicon yeMonocrystalline

Ukuqhubela phambili kwetekhnoloji kunye nemfuno ekhulayo yeemveliso ezikrelekrele ezisebenzayo kakhulu kuye kwaqinisa ngakumbi isikhundla esiphambili seshishini lesekethe edibeneyo (IC) kuphuhliso lwesizwe. Njengesiseko seshishini le-IC, i-semiconductor monocrystalline silicon idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqhubeni ubuchule betekhnoloji kunye nokukhula koqoqosho.

Ngokwedatha evela kwi-International Semiconductor Industry Association, imakethi yehlabathi ye-semiconductor wafer ifikelele kwinani lentengiso le-$12.6 yeebhiliyoni, kunye nokuthunyelwa kwempahla kukhula ukuya kwi-14.2 yeebhiliyoni zee-intshi zesikwere. Ngaphezu koko, imfuno ye-silicon wafers iyaqhubeka nokukhula ngokuthe chu.

Nangona kunjalo, ishishini le-silicon wafer lehlabathi ligxile kakhulu, apho abathengisi abahlanu abaphambili belawula ngaphezulu kwe-85% yesabelo semarike, njengoko kubonisiwe ngezantsi:

• I-Shin-Etsu Chemical (eJapan)

• I-SUMCO (eJapan)

• IiWafers zeHlabathi

• I-Siltronic (eJamani)

• I-SK Siltron (eMzantsi Korea)

Olu xinzelelo lwe-oligopoly lubangela ukuba iTshayina ixhomekeke kakhulu kwii-wafers ze-silicon ze-monocrystalline ezingeniswe kwamanye amazwe, eziye zaba yenye yeengxaki eziphambili ezithintela uphuhliso lweshishini leesekethe ezidibeneyo zelizwe.

Ukuze koyiswe imingeni ekhoyo kwicandelo lokuvelisa i-silicon monocrystal ye-semiconductor, ukutyala imali kuphando nophuhliso kunye nokuqinisa amandla emveliso yasekhaya lukhetho olungenakuphepheka.

2. Isishwankathelo seMonocrystalline Silicon Material

I-silicon e-monocrystalline sisiseko soshishino lwesekethe edibeneyo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ngaphezulu kwe-90% yeetships ze-IC kunye nezixhobo ze-elektroniki zenziwe kusetyenziswa i-silicon e-monocrystalline njengezinto eziphambili. Imfuno ebanzi ye-silicon e-monocrystalline kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo okuhlukeneyo kwimizi-mveliso kunokubangelwa zizinto ezahlukeneyo:

1. Ukhuseleko kunye nokusingqongileyo: I-silicon ininzi kuqweqwe loMhlaba, ayinabungozi, kwaye inobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo.

2. Ukufakwa kombane: I-silicon ngokwendalo ibonisa iimpawu zokukhusela umbane, kwaye xa inyangwa ngobushushu, yenza umaleko okhuselayo we-silicon dioxide, othintela ngempumelelo ukulahleka kwetshaja yombane.

3. Itekhnoloji yoKhula okuKhulayoImbali ende yophuhliso lwetekhnoloji kwiinkqubo zokukhula kwesilicon yenze ukuba ibe nobuchule ngakumbi kunezinye izixhobo ze-semiconductor.

Ezi zinto xa zidibene zigcina i-silicon e-monocrystalline iphambili kushishino, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ingathathelwa indawo zezinye izinto.

Ngokuphathelele ulwakhiwo lwekristale, i-monocrystalline silicon yinto eyenziwe ngeeathom zesilicon ezicwangciswe kwi-lattice ye-periodic, ezenza ulwakhiwo oluqhubekayo. Yisiseko soshishino lokuvelisa iitships.

Lo mzobo ulandelayo ubonisa inkqubo epheleleyo yokulungiselela i-monocrystalline silicon:

Isishwankathelo seNkqubo:
I-silicon e-monocrystalline ifumaneka kwi-silicon ore ngothotho lwamanyathelo okucoca. Okokuqala, kufunyanwa i-polycrystalline silicon, ethi emva koko ikhuliswe ibe yi-monocrystalline silicon ingot kwi-crystal growth oven. Emva koko, iyasikwa, ipholishwe, ize icutshungulwe ibe zii-wafer ze-silicon ezifanelekileyo zokwenziwa kwee-chip.

Ii-silicon wafers zihlala zahlulwe zibe ziindidi ezimbini:udidi lwe-photovoltaickwayei-semiconductor-gradeEzi ntlobo zimbini zahluke kakhulu kwisakhiwo sazo, ubumsulwa bazo, kunye nomgangatho womphezulu wazo.

• Iiwafers ezikumgangatho we-semiconductorzinobunyulu obuphezulu kakhulu obufikelela kwi-99.999999999%, kwaye kufuneka ngokungqongqo ukuba zibe yi-monocrystalline.

• Iiwafers zodidi lwe-photovoltaicazicocekanga kangako, amanqanaba obumsulwa aqala kwi-99.99% ukuya kwi-99.9999%, kwaye azinazo iimfuneko ezingqongqo kangaka zomgangatho wekristale.

Ukongeza, ii-wafers ze-semiconductor-grade zifuna ukuguda okuphezulu komphezulu kunye nokucoceka kunee-wafers ze-photovoltaic-grade. Imigangatho ephezulu yee-wafers ze-semiconductor inyusa ubunzima bokulungiswa kwazo kunye nexabiso lazo elilandelayo ekusetyenzisweni.

Itshathi elandelayo ichaza ukuguquka kweenkcukacha ze-semiconductor wafer, eziye zanda ukusuka kwii-wafers zokuqala ze-4-intshi (100mm) kunye ne-6-intshi (150mm) ukuya kwii-wafers zangoku ze-8-intshi (200mm) kunye ne-12-intshi (300mm).

Kwilungiselelo le-silicon monocrystal, ubungakanani be-wafer buyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwesicelo kunye neendleko. Umzekelo, ii-memory chips zihlala zisebenzisa ii-wafers ze-intshi ezili-12, ngelixa izixhobo zamandla zihlala zisebenzisa ii-wafers ze-intshi ezi-8.

Ngamafutshane, ukuguquka kobukhulu be-wafer kubangelwa yiMoore's Law kunye neemeko zoqoqosho. Ubukhulu be-wafer obukhulu buvumela ukukhula kwendawo ye-silicon esebenzisekayo phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo zokucubungula, kunciphisa iindleko zemveliso ngelixa kunciphisa inkunkuma evela kwimiphetho ye-wafer.

Njengezinto ezibalulekileyo kuphuhliso lwetekhnoloji yanamhlanje, ii-silicon wafers ze-semiconductor, ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo ezichanekileyo ezifana ne-photolithography kunye ne-ion implantation, zivumela ukuveliswa kwezixhobo ezahlukeneyo ze-elektroniki, kubandakanya ii-rectifiers ezinamandla aphezulu, ii-transistors, ii-bipolar junction transistors, kunye nezixhobo zokutshintsha. Ezi zixhobo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimimandla efana nobukrelekrele bokwenziwa, unxibelelwano lwe-5G, ii-elektroniki zeemoto, i-Intanethi yezinto, kunye ne-aerospace, ezenza isiseko sophuhliso loqoqosho lwesizwe kunye nokuvelisa ubuchwepheshe.

3. Iteknoloji yoKhula lweSilicon eNyenge-Monocrystalline

IIndlela yeCzochralski (CZ)yinkqubo esebenzayo yokutsala izinto ezi-monocrystalline ezikumgangatho ophezulu kwi-melt. Le ndlela, eyacetywa nguJan Czochralski ngo-1917, ikwaziwa ngokuba yi-Ukutsala ngekristaleindlela.

Okwangoku, indlela ye-CZ isetyenziswa kakhulu ekulungiseleleni izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ze-semiconductor. Ngokwezibalo ezingaphelelanga, malunga ne-98% yeenxalenye ze-elektroniki zenziwe nge-monocrystalline silicon, kwaye i-85% yezi nxalenye iveliswa kusetyenziswa indlela ye-CZ.

Indlela ye-CZ iyathandwa ngenxa yomgangatho wayo ogqwesileyo wekristale, ubungakanani obulawulekayo, isantya sokukhula ngokukhawuleza, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso. Ezi mpawu zenza i-CZ monocrystalline silicon ibe yinto ekhethwayo yokuhlangabezana neemfuno ezikumgangatho ophezulu nezinkulu kushishino lwe-elektroniki.

Umgaqo wokukhula kwe-CZ monocrystalline silicon ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

Inkqubo ye-CZ ifuna amaqondo obushushu aphezulu, i-vacuum, kunye nendawo evaliweyo. Izixhobo eziphambili zale nkqubo yiisithando sokukhulisa iikristale, nto leyo eyenza kube lula kwezi meko.

Lo mzobo ulandelayo ubonisa ulwakhiwo lwesithando sokukhulisa ikristale.

Kwinkqubo ye-CZ, i-silicon ecocekileyo ifakwa kwi-crucible, enyibilikisiweyo, kwaye i-crystal yembewu ifakwa kwi-silicon enyibilikisiweyo. Ngokulawula ngokuchanekileyo iiparameter ezifana nobushushu, isantya sokutsala, kunye nesantya sokujikeleza kwe-crucible, ii-athomu okanye iimolekyuli kwindawo ephakathi kwe-crystal yembewu kunye ne-silicon enyibilikisiweyo zihlala zihlengahlengiswa, ziqina njengoko inkqubo iphola kwaye ekugqibeleni zenze i-crystal enye.

Le ndlela yokukhulisa ikristale ivelisa isilicon e-monocrystalline ekumgangatho ophezulu, enobubanzi obukhulu eneendlela ezithile zekristale.

Inkqubo yokukhula ibandakanya amanyathelo aliqela abalulekileyo, kuquka:

1. Ukuqhaqha kunye nokulayisha: Ukususa ikristale nokucoca ngokupheleleyo isithando somlilo kunye nezinto ezikuso kwizinto ezingcolisayo ezifana ne-quartz, i-graphite, okanye ezinye izinto ezingcolileyo.

2. Ukucoca kunye nokunyibilikisa: Inkqubo ikhutshwa iye kwindawo engenamoya, kulandele ukungeniswa kwegesi ye-argon kunye nokufudumeza itshaja ye-silicon.

3. Ukutsala ngekristale: I-crystal yembewu ithotywa kwi-silicon enyibilikisiweyo, kwaye ubushushu bomdibaniso bulawulwa ngononophelo ukuqinisekisa ukwenziwa kwe-crystal ngokufanelekileyo.

4. Ulawulo lokuGxila kunye nobubanzi: Njengoko ikristale ikhula, ububanzi bayo bujongwa ngononophelo kwaye buhlengahlengiswa ukuqinisekisa ukukhula okufanayo.

5. Ukuphela koKhulo kunye nokuCinywa kwesithando somlilo: Nje ukuba ubungakanani bekristale obufunekayo bufikelelwe, isithando somlilo siyacinywa, kwaye ikristale iyasuswa.

Amanyathelo aneenkcukacha kule nkqubo aqinisekisa ukudalwa kwee-monocrystals ezikumgangatho ophezulu, ezingenaziphene ezifanelekileyo ukwenziwa kwee-semiconductor.

4. Imingeni kwiMveliso yeSilicon yeMonocrystalline

Enye yeengxaki eziphambili ekuveliseni ii-monocrystals ezinkulu ze-semiconductor kukukoyisa iingxaki zobugcisa ngexesha lenkqubo yokukhula, ingakumbi ekuqikeleleni nasekulawuleni iziphene zekristale:

1. Umgangatho weMonocrystal ongaguquguqukiyo kunye nemveliso ephantsi: Njengoko ubukhulu bee-silicon monocrystals bukhula, ubunzima bendawo yokukhula buyanda, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukulawula izinto ezifana nobushushu, ukuhamba, kunye nemagnethi. Oku kwenza umsebenzi ube nzima wokufumana umgangatho ohambelanayo kunye nesivuno esiphezulu.

2. Inkqubo yoLawulo olungazinzanga: Inkqubo yokukhula kwee-semiconductor silicon monocrystals iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ineendawo ezininzi zomzimba ezisebenzisanayo, okwenza ukuchaneka kolawulo kungazinzile kwaye kukhokelela kwimveliso ephantsi. Amaqhinga olawulo angoku agxila kakhulu kubukhulu be-macroscopic yekristale, ngelixa umgangatho usalungiswa ngokusekelwe kumava esandla, okwenza kube nzima ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokwenza i-micro kunye ne-nano kwi-IC chips.

Ukujongana nale mingeni, kufuneka ngokukhawuleza uphuhliso lweendlela zokujonga izinto ngexesha langempela, ezikwi-intanethi kunye neendlela zokuqikelela umgangatho wekristale, kunye nokuphuculwa kweenkqubo zolawulo ukuqinisekisa ukuveliswa okuzinzileyo nokumgangatho ophezulu kwee-monocrystals ezinkulu ukuze zisetyenziswe kwiisekethe ezidibeneyo.